This chapter extends the presentation of basic predicate logic with an introduction to modal, tensed and many-valued logics. It also uses sets to define numbers, discusses presidential debating, and presents a rigorous discussion of the Surprise Examination Paradox.

Formal topics:

• Modal logic
• Tensed logic
• Many-valued logic
• Constructing the natural numbers

Informal topics:

• Debate, presidential style

Supplementary topics:

• Antique notation
• The surprise examination paradox
• Puzzles